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  • Orthogonality

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  • Definition of angle between vectors
  • Definition of orthogonal vectors
  • Definition of parallel vectors
  • Two vectors are orthogonal if and only if the Pythagorean Theorem holds.
  • Definition of a vector being orthogonal to a subspace
  • Definition of orthogonal complement of a subspace
  • The orthogonal complement of a subspace is a subspace.
  • The direct sum of a subspace and its orthogonal complement is the whole space.
  • A vector is in the orthogonal complement of a subspace if and only if it is orthogonal to every vector in a basis of the subspace.
  • The null space of a matrix is the orthogonal complement of the column space.
  • Definition of orthogonal set of vectors
  • Definition of orthonormal set of vectors
  • An orthogonal set of nonzero vectors is linearly independent.
  • Definition of orthogonal basis of a (sub)space
  • Definition of orthonormal basis of a (sub)space
  • A matrix A with real entries has orthonormal columns if and only if A inverse equals A transpose.
  • A matrix with real entries and orthonormal columns preserves norms.
  • A matrix with real entries and orthonormal columns preserves dot products.
  • Formula for the coordinates of a vector with respect to an orthogonal/orthonormal basis.
  • A vector can be written uniquely as a sum of a vector in a subspace and a vector orthogonal to the subspace.
  • Description of the Gram-Schmidt process
  • The Gram-Schmidt process converts a linearly independent set into an orthogonal set.
  • Definition of Gram-Schmidt process
  • Definition of orthogonal subspaces
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  1. A vector is in the orthogonal complement of a subspace if and only if it is orthogonal to every vector in a basis of the subspace.

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  • Proof of several equivalences for nonsingular matrix#23644
  • QR decomposition#23630
  • Rank and mullity#23672
  • Rank and nullity#23882
  • Removing a linearly dependent vector from a set does not change the span of the set.#23982
  • R^n is a vector space.#24097
  • Row equivalence is an equivalence relation#23480
  • Row equivalent matrices have the same row space.#23881
  • Row equivalent matrices represent equivalent linear systems#23769
  • Row operations#23474
  • Row operations are given by multiplication by elementary matrices.#23559
  • Row operations do not necessarily preserve the column space.#23878
  • Scalar multiplication#23470
  • Similarity of matrices#23634
  • Similarity of matrices in an equivalence relation.#23636
  • Similar matrices have the same eigenvalues and the same characteristic polynomials.#23638
  • Spans#23804
  • Subspaces#23811
  • Subspaces associated to a linear transformation#24055
  • Subspaces associated to a matrix#23872
  • Switching two rows multiplies the determinant by -1.#23738
  • Symmetric matrices#23571
  • Symmetric matrices are square.#23573
  • Terminology#23754
  • The 0 scalar multiplied by any vector equals the 0 vector.#23960
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