Restructure: USD fix + updated descendants

# [SCI] Aerodynamics

**Aerodynamics** is the study of air in motion and the forces it exerts on bodies, founded by Prandtl and Kutta–Joukowski around 1900–1910.

## Overview

Ludwig Prandtl (1904) introduced boundary layer theory — the thin region near a surface where viscosity matters — resolving the D'Alembert paradox and providing the first accurate predictions of drag and lift. The Kutta–Joukowski theorem relates lift to circulation. Prandtl's lifting-line theory enabled systematic wing design. These results, together with Navier–Stokes equations, provided the scientific foundation for heavier-than-air flight.

The field matured through wind tunnel experiments, computational fluid dynamics, and eventually transonic and supersonic theory (von Kármán, Busemann, Whitcomb). Modern aircraft design is impossible without aerodynamic theory.

## Key Figures & Recognition

- **Ludwig Prandtl** (1875–1953): Boundary layer theory, wing theory. No Nobel.
- **Nikolai Joukowski** (1847–1921): Lift theorem.
- **Theodore von Kármán** (1881–1963): Supersonic aerodynamics, turbulence.

## Seminal Papers

- Prandtl, L. "Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung." *Proceedings, 3rd Int. Math. Congress* (1904).
- Kutta, W.M. "Auftriebskräfte in strömenden Flüssigkeiten." *Illustrierte Aeronautische Mitteilungen* (1902).

## What This Enables

- **[SCI] Turbulence Theory** — Boundary-layer separation and vortex shedding are aerodynamic phenomena that demand a theory of turbulence theory.
- **[TECH] Aircraft (Piston Era)** — Prandtl's lift theory, drag polar, and control- surface analysis made poweredheavier-than-air flight engineerable.
- **[TECH] Wind Turbines** — The Betz limit, blade element momentum theory, and tip-speed ratio are direct aerodynamicaerodynamics results.

# Parents

* [SCI] Hydrodynamics
* [SCI] Hydrodynamics