# [SCI] Climate Science

**Climate Science** is the study of Earth's climate system — atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, land — using physical theory, observations, and computational models to understand and project climate change.

## Overview

Svante Arrhenius (1896) first calculated that doubling CO₂ would warm Earth ~5–6°C. The modern era began with Syukuro Manabe's 3D atmospheric models (1960s) and Klaus Hasselmann's stochastic climate model (1976). The IPCC (1988) coordinates global scientific assessment. Climate science requires massive computational fluid dynamics (Navier–Stokes in the atmosphere and ocean) incorporating radiative transfer, chemistry, and biology. Machine learning is increasingly used for parameterisation and downscaling.

## Key Figures & Recognition

- **Syukuro Manabe** (1931–) & **Klaus Hasselmann** (1931–): Climate modelling. **Nobel Prize 2021**.
- **Giorgio Parisi** (1948–): Complex systems (shared Nobel 2021).

## Seminal Papers

- Manabe, S. & Wetherald, R. "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity." *J. Atmos. Sci.* 24 (1967).
- [IPCC *Sixth Assessment Report* (AR6), 2021–2023](https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/)

## What This Enables

- **[TECH] Wind Turbines** — Climate science provided the urgency, resource mapping, and policy framework that drove global wind deployment.
- **[TECH] Solar Cells (Photovoltaics)** — Climate projections drove R&D investment and policy incentives (ITC, feed-This is a current frontier node — no downstream connections yet recorded in tariffs) that brought solar costs down 99%this graph.

# Parents

* [SCI] Nonlinear Dynamics & Chaos Theory
* [SCI] Turbulence Theory
* [SCI] Nonlinear Dynamics & Chaos Theory