# [SCI] Climate Science

**Climate Science** is the study of Earth's climate system — atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, land — using physical theory, observations, and computational models to understand and project climate change.

## Overview

Svante Arrhenius (1896) first calculated that doubling CO₂ would warm Earth ~5–6°C. The modern era began with Syukuro Manabe's 3D atmospheric models (1960s) and Klaus Hasselmann's stochastic climate model (1976). The IPCC (1988) coordinates global scientific assessment. Climate science requires massive computational fluid dynamics (Navier–Stokes in the atmosphere and ocean) incorporating radiative transfer, chemistry, and biology. Machine learning is increasingly used for parameterisation and downscaling.

## Key Figures & Recognition

- **Syukuro Manabe** (1931–) & **Klaus Hasselmann** (1931–): Climate modelling. **Nobel Prize 2021**.
- **Giorgio Parisi** (1948–): Complex systems (shared Nobel 2021).

## Seminal Papers

- Manabe, S. & Wetherald, R. "Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity." *J. Atmos. Sci.* 24 (1967).
- [IPCC *Sixth Assessment Report* (AR6), 2021–2023](https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/)

## What This Enables

This is a current frontier node — no downstream connections yet recorded in this graph.

## Discovery Character
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**Surprise level**: Moderate — Arrhenius calculated in 1896 that doubling CO₂ would warm the planet by ~5°C, but this was largely ignored for 60 years. Keeling's continuous CO₂ measurements (1958–) showed a clear upward trend. The surprise was not the mechanism (understood since 1896) but the speed and scale of the human perturbation.
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**Mode**: Systematic. Climate science developed through decades of systematic observation, physical theory, and numerical modelling. Manabe's 3D models (1960s) and Hasselmann's signal-detection methods (1970s) were rigorous theoretical contributions. No serendipity — the tragedy is that all the predictions were systematic and were largely ignored.
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# Parents

* [SCI] Nonlinear Dynamics & Chaos Theory
* [SCI] Turbulence Theory
* [SCI] Nonlinear Dynamics & Chaos Theory