# [SCI] Genomics & Computational Biology
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**Genomics** is the large-scale study of entire genomes — their sequencing, structure, function, and evolution — made possible by the convergence of molecular biology, chemistry, and computational methods.
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## Overview
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Watson and Crick's DNA double helix (1953) revealed the information storage mechanism. Sanger's chain-termination sequencing (1977) enabled reading DNA sequences. The Human Genome Project (1990–2003) sequenced the complete human genome for $3 billion. Illumina's short-read sequencing (2007) reduced the cost to ~$1,000 per genome by 2013. CRISPR-Cas9 (Doudna & Charpentier, 2012) enables precise genome editing. Bioinformatics — the application of information theory, statistics, and ML to genomic data — is now a major discipline.
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## Key Figures & Recognition
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- **Watson, Crick, Franklin, Wilkins**: DNA structure. **Nobel Prize 1962** (Watson, Crick, Wilkins; Franklin died 1958).
- **Frederick Sanger** (1918–2013): DNA sequencing. **Nobel Prize 1980** (his second Nobel).
- **Jennifer Doudna** (1964–) & **Emmanuelle Charpentier** (1968–): CRISPR-Cas9. **Nobel Prize 2020**.
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## Seminal Papers
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- Watson, J. & Crick, F. "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid." *Nature* 171 (1953).
- [Sanger, F. et al. "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors." *PNAS* 74 (1977)](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463)
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# Parents
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* [TECH] Digital Computing⏎